Archives Month Feature: Sarah McClendon and the National Woman’s Party

Throughout October, the UASC is celebrating Archives Month, a national collaboration among repositories and archives professionals to promote public awareness of the enduring value of archival records. In addition to the existing 1972 election exhibit currently on display, the UASC has installed three new Archives Month exhibits on the second floor of the Robert R. Muntz Library at the University of Texas at Tyler.

Who was Sarah McClendon?

Born in Tyler, Texas on July 8, 1910, Sarah McClendon was one of the longest serving members of the White House Press Corp, with a career that spanned eleven presidents (from Franklin Roosevelt to Bill Clinton). She was best known for her sharp public interrogations of presidents and administration officials, frequently on the topics of national security concerns and the interests of women, farmers, and veterans. In addition to running a national news syndication service, offering political analysis to television and radio audiences, and authoring two memoirs on her career as a Washington correspondent, Sarah McClendon was an outspoken advocate for women’s rights, freedom of the press, and the fair treatment of veterans.

Sarah McClendon donated a portion of her personal and professional papers (including many audiovisual and ephemeral items) to the University Archives at the University of Texas at Tyler in 1992. She continued to donate materials to the University until her death in 2003.

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The History Behind the Exhibit

The National Woman’s Party was founded in 1916 by Alice Paul, an American suffragist and activist. The organization sought to legalize women’s right to vote through the adoption of a constitutional amendment. While many women’s organizations in the early 20^th century focused on achieving state suffrage, the NWP targeted members of Congress and the White House through a campaign of nonviolent protest. In 1923, Alice Paul wrote the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) with the hopes of winning full equality for women before the law. The ERA was passed by both houses of Congress in 1972, but failed to meet ratification requirements before the expiration date in 1982.

Alice Paul died at the age of 92 on July 9, 1977. On August 26, 1977 (the anniversary of the adoption of the Suffrage amendment in 1920), the NWP invited other women’s organizations to participate in a memorial march on Washington. The Alice Paul Memorial March, organized by NWP president Elizabeth Chittick, commemorated the original 1913 Suffrage parade up Pennsylvania Avenue lead by Alice Paul. The 1913 parade, which drew 8000 participants, sought to pressure newly elected President Woodrow Wilson into supporting the Suffrage movement.  The dazzling spectacle of the pageant and widespread violence directed at the marchers by male crowds drew national attention to the NWP and the Suffrage movement.

Sarah McClendon, a long-time member of the National Woman’s Party and advocate for women’s rights, was one of over 4000 participants in 1977. Marchers predominantly dressed in traditional white outfits with recreated sashes of purple, white, and gold. Organizations such as the NWP, the National Organization for Women (NOW), the American Association of University Women, the League of Women Voters, and many others marched in the parade under 1913-style suffragist banners. In conjunction with the parade, President Jimmy Carter signed a proclamation designating August 26 as Women’s Equality Day.

Sarah McClendon held many positions in the National Woman’s Party, including Vice-Chair, Chair of the Membership Committee, member of the National Council, Advisory Board Member, and Honorary Board Member.

Featured Items

The exhibit contains many unique items related to the 1977 Alice Paul Memorial March, as well as materials which provide a glimpse into Sarah McClendon’s relationship with the National Woman’s Party. Chief among these items are the suffragist sash and “jailed for freedom” pin which Sarah McClendon wore during the march. The sash is a recreation of sashes worn by the original suffragists, featuring the official colors of the National Woman’s Party. The pin, a sterling silver replica, was originally designed by Alice Paul in 1917 to commemorate the women who were arrested in January 1917 while picketing the White House.

Additional materials include NWP newsletters which announce programs to honor McClendon, color photographs of the march, a framed newspaper article about the march, photographs of Sarah McClendon speaking at NWP functions, and the drafts of two speeches which Ms. McClendon prepared for national meetings.

Want to Learn More about Sarah McClendon?

1. Visit the finding aid for the Sarah McClendon papers.
2. Check out our permanent digital exhibit.
3. Read more about her career as a White House Correspondent.

Labor of Love: Billy Williamson and the UT Health Science Center at Tyler

The late Billy Houston Williamson, Sr. represented Smith County in the Texas House of Representatives from 1965-1975. He was renowned as a man of quick wit and good humor, whose unflinching dedication to his Conservative Democrat values often put him at odds with his peers. Inspired to run for office by the assassination of President John F. Kennedy only 90 minutes away from his adopted home in Tyler, Texas, Billy Williamson served during one of the most tumultuous periods of Texas political history.

Among other things, he was a vocal participant in the debate over liquor regulations in the early 1970s; a witness to the rise of the “Dirty Thirty” representatives who took down Speaker of the House Gus Mutscher; a delegate to the infamous 1974 Constitutional Convention; and a key player in both the redistricting of Texas state legislative districts and the reform of public school financing laws. Rep Williamson was also responsible for the installation of the Tyler Rose Garden on the State Capitol grounds in Austin, Texas.

Rep. Williamson surveys the historical marker to be installed in the Capitol Rose Garden, 1969 {Tyler Morning Telegraph}

Historical Marker #15263 (http://www.hmsoa.org/tx/travis/item/75333-tyler-rose)

Mr. Williamson left an indelible legacy upon his district. While his legislative contributions towards the creation of the University of Texas at Tyler were recently highlighted during UT Tyler’s 40^th anniversary celebration, few people are aware of Mr. Williamson’s involvement with another influential Tyler institution: The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler.

UTHSCT began as a military hospital at Camp Fannin, a World War II infantry-training base and prisoner of war camp in Tyler, Texas. After the war, it was chartered as a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients. The East Texas Tuberculosis Hospital had special significance for Rep. Billy Williamson. His mother had contracted TB in 1939, spending two years undergoing treatment at the Louisiana Tuberculosis Hospital. (“Williamson Oral History”, Billy Williamson Papers, University Archives and Special Collections, Box 1 Folder 1, p. 2 )

During the 59^th session of the Texas Legislature, Mr. Williamson lobbied extensively for appropriations to supplement the low salaries of doctors in state tuberculosis hospitals. He corresponded at length with East Texas Tuberculosis Hospital officials, including Mr. Leon Baily, Business Manager, and Medical Superintendent Sam Topperman, M.D.

Mr. Williamson wrote to Governor John Connally that he had “a very keen intereset in our state tuberculosis program”. In another letter to Edwin Rasco of Citziens First National Bank, Mr. Williamson wrote “you can be assured that I am vitally interested in tuberculosis – its detection, treatment and prevention and would consider it a great pleasure to work with the Smith County Tuberculosis Association in their efforts to this end.” (“3691 –Tuberculosis, Texas Association of”, Billy Williamson Papers, Box 46 Folder 1)

During the 60^th Legislative session, Rep. Williamson introduced HB 921, “relating to the establishment of a medical branch of the University of Texas in the city of Tyler, Smith County, Texas, to be known as the University of Texas Medical School of Tyler”. This was the first serious mention of  a medical center in Tyler. Mr. Williamson would later testify that he had little confidence in the bill itself; he intended it as “a sales gimmick to help sell Tyler to the legislature and sell the people of Tyler on the idea that things could be a whole lot better”. (Williamson Oral History, p. 26) However, the response in Tyler was so favorable that he decided to pursue the idea in earnest, as a companion measure to his dream of bringing an upper-division university to East Texas.

During the 61^st regular session, Rep. Williamson introduced HB 833, “relating to a pilot program to treat persons with various respiratory diseases at the East Texas Tuberculosis Hospital”. The bill passed unanimously in both the House and Senate in May 1969, allowing the TB hospital to offer treatment for other chronic pulmonary diseases to a small number of medically indigent Texas residents. The pilot program was a success.      

Gov Preston Smith congratulates Rep Williamson on the passage of his bill to expand the T.B. hospital in Tyler to treat all respiratory diseases {Tyler Morning Telegraph}

The Texas Legislature voted in 1971 to change the name from East Texas Tuberculosis Hospital to East Texas Chest Hospital. In May 1971, Rep. Williamson introduced HB 799, “relating to the treatment of persons with various respiratory diseases at East Texas Chest Hospital and designating the hospital as the agency of the state for conducting research and providing training for the treatment of such diseases”. The Chest Hospital became  the foremost referral facility in Texas for the treatment of and research relating to chronic pulmonary diseases. This designation would set the stage for significant future expansions.

Mr. Williamson envisioned the Chest Hospital as institution that “would be to chest what M.D. Anderson is to tumors and cancer”. (Williamson Oral History, p. 55) He also hoped that it might one day be aligned with Tyler State College (the inaugural name of UT Tyler), which would allow the Chest Hospital to transition into the role of a medical school. In a 1975 interview Mr. Williamson said, “I hand-wrote that Chest Hospital bill in such a way that it could, without additional authorization, become a medical school, if the Board of Regents that it was under chose”. (Williamson Oral History p. 101) After the creation of Tyler State College, Mr. Williamson advocated locating the permanent campus site of UT Tyler on a property adjacent to the Chest Hospital in hopes that the hospital and the college might one day merge. (Williamson Oral History p. 118)

In 1977, Senator Peyton McKnight of Tyler sponsored the bill which transferred control of  the East Texas Chest Hospital to the University of Texas Board of Regents, bringing to life Billy Williamson’s dream of a medical school in Tyler. In addition to offering its own degree programs, UTHCT partners with UT Tyler to provide clinical training and medical care for UT Tyler students , staff, and faculty. Today, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler consistently ranks among the top hospitals in the nation for pulmonary care. It has also received multiple awards for its groundbreaking research on and treatment of pulmonary diseases. (Learn more about the history of UTHCT)

After retiring from the legislature in 1975, Mr. Williamson was appointed as a county judge in Smith County. He succumbed to adrenal cancer on May 26, 1982 at the age of 54, after two years of treatment. (See House Concurrent Resolution No. 19, in memory of Billy H. Williamson) Mr. Williamson spent his final days at UT Health Science Center at Tyler, the institution which he helped transform from a small tuberculosis clinic to a nationally acclaimed hospital and medical teaching facility.

Visit our finding aid to learn more about legislative career of former House Representative and County Judge Billy Williamson.

 

Donation: The Bluejackets’ Manual

The University Archives and Special Collections Department recently received a donation to our Special Collections from Dr. David Beams, Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Beams donated a 1944 Bluejackets’ Manual on behalf of his uncle, Charles O. Beams. Charles served in the Navy during World War II, carrying his Bluejackets’ Manual with him throughout his career in the Navy.

This gracious donation signifies an important milestone for the U.S. Navy and training centers–The Bluejackets’ Manual celebrates an anniversary this year. It has been providing all Navy members aboard ship consistently up-to-date, sound advice for 110 years.

Flags of Principal Maritime Nations, 1944 Bluejackets’ Manual.

The making of knots for fastening a line, bending two lines together, securing a line to a ring or spar, and knots worked in the end of a line.
Deck Seamanship, 1944 Bluejackets’ Manual.

The first issue was printed in 1902 after much lamenting that there was no “uniformity of drills and routines” between ships. Three thousand copies were initially printed; including information on pay, promotion, shipboard routine, discipline, small arms, infantry drills, and the details of sails and sailing under wind power.

By World War I, The Bluejackets’ Manual was issued to every recruit entering boot camp. In fact, the U.S. Naval Institute released their copyright of the manual to ensure that enough copies could be provided for expansion of enlisted members–rising from 25,000 in 1902 to 200,000 by the end of World War I.

The manual was completely revised in 1943 to eliminate obsolete material and add prevalence to contents needed to suit a Navy at war. It jumped up to 1145 pages in 1943 (the previous 10th edition was 784) and over a million copies were handed out.

The 12th edition in 1944 included largely the same content, but was sized in half to allow for easier reference on board. It also removed outdated technical matter, expanded the index, and added the manual’s first glossary. This edition also adds illustrations that correspond with text to further “convey the spirit of the Navy at war”.

The 1944 edition, now located in the archives,  includes information on:

An introductory chart for new recruits.
Rates and Ranks of the U.S. Armed Forces, 1944 Bluejackets’ Manual.

• Introduction to the Navy
• Military Drill and Movements on Land
• Ships and Aircraft
• Navy Weapons
• Ship Organization and Duties Afloat
• Emergency Drills and Battle Stations
• Handling of Ships Underway
• Deck Seamanship
• Boat Seamanship
• Communication and Signaling

This donation is a rare and interesting addition for our users, and also compliments many of our other Special Collections which relate to World War II. Researchers interested in viewing the 1944 Bluejackets’ Manual or any of our other materials are welcome to visit. The University Archives and Special Collections Department at the University of Texas at Tyler, located in room 107 of the library, is open Monday-Friday from 8:00am-5:00pm.

Sarah McClendon, in her own words: Reflections on Nixon, Watergate, and the Press

On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested after breaking into the Watergate Hotel, headquarters of the Democratic National Committee. The break-in was a precursor to the landslide re-election of incumbent President Richard Nixon, who defeated Democratic challenger George McGovern by securing 47 states. Nixon declared the election “the clearest choice in this century”. Meanwhile, the train of events that would become known as the Watergate Scandal was only just beginning.

Veteran Washington correspondent Sarah McClendon looks on at a White House press conference (Courtesy of UASC)

Enter 62 year old Sarah McClendon, a World War II veteran, journalist, and native of Tyler who had cemented her reputation as a firebrand in the Washington Press Corp by shaking up Presidential press conferences. McClendon’s lengthy tenure in the Press Corp began during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt and continued through the second term of Bill Clinton.

By the time the Watergate scandal broke, she had already tangoed twice with Mr. Nixon: first, over the appointment of former contractor Barry Shillito as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Logistics, at a press conference in September 1969 (p. 135, Mr. President, Mr. President!); and again, over the stockpiling of telephone poles in Vietnam. Her pointed questioning resulted in an appointment to the Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Service. (Dallas Morning News, “Will Pentagon Tactic Work on Probing Lady Journalist?”, 06-20-1971, p 4)

Mr. Nixon once stated at a Press Club Dinner that, “Sarah McClendon asks questions that no man would ever think of.” (Dallas Morning News, “Love Affair is on Record”, 7-12-1970, p. 9) In her estimation, McClendon and Nixon shared an amicable relationship. She would reflect in later years that, contrary to his reputation with the press, Nixon “was extremely nice to me… he would smile at me and say something personal.” (p. 171, My Eight Presidents)

McClendon visits Brooks Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas on behalf of the DACOWITS committee (Courtesy of UASC)

Even so, Sarah McClendon recognized that relations between the Press Corp and the Nixon White House were often strained.

In the year before he resigned, McClendon recalled that Nixon “whipped up so much public opinion against the press that I would not have been surprised to have seen a reporter tarred and feathered by Nixon supporters… even after the tapes were discovered, the press was still being blamed for running Nixon out of office.” (p. 177, My Eight Presidents) She would later write that Nixon “seemed to expect the press to be antagonistic…He regarded us as the enemy.” (p. 130, Mr. President, Mr. President!)

In the wake of the scandal itself, McClendon optimistically alleged that, “Watergate has helped the American people immeasurably by opening up the method and the way in which news may be covered at the White House… never in (the) future will presidents get by with hiding this same type of corruption.” (Speech notes, “Indianapolis July 17”, Box 34/Folder 6, “Nixon Admin. – Watergate”, in the Sarah McClendon Papers)

Sarah McClendon meets with Nixon’s successor and former vice president, Gerald Ford                       (Courtesy of UASC)

Rebuffing Nixon’s assertions that he had been ill-treated by the press, McClendon reflected, “Did the press unfairly batter Richard Nixon? As one who has taken pride in taking Presidents to task… I have to say that, as a whole, we did not. We were merely as suspicious of his motives as he was of ours.” (p. 130, Mr. President, Mr. President!)

Sarah McClendon set her sights on President Nixon one last time in February 1974 when she confronted him about his administration’s mishandling of G.I. benefits. (p. 162, My Eight Presidents) After nearly two years of lobbying on behalf of her veteran constituents, McClendon’s efforts finally paid off with widespread personnel and policy revisions in the V.A. On March 12, 1974, Nixon credited Sarah McClendon as a “spirited reporter” who had brought the veterans’ plight to the national stage. (p. 143, Mr. President, Mr. President!)

Of this occasion, McClendon said, “Our war for the veterans was to be the last time when I felt Richard Nixon and I were working in the same direction, or, as I believe he liked to see it, that I was on his team.” (p. 143, Mr. President, Mr. President!)

For more of Sarah McClendon’s insights on the Nixon administration, see her memoirs:

• My Eight Presidents, Wyden Books, New York, 1978. ISBN: 0883261502
• Mr. President, Mr. President!: My 50 Years of Covering the White House, General Publishing Group, Los Angeles, 1996. ISBN: 1575440059

Learn more about the life and works of Sarah McClendon at the University Archives and Special Collections Department of the University of Texas at Tyler:

• View our finding aid for the Sarah McClendon papers
• Make an appointment to view the Sarah McClendon papers
• Check out our recommended reading list

UASC 1972 Presidential Election Exhibit

In honor of UT Tyler’s 40th anniversary and the upcoming presidential election, the University Archives and Special Collections Department at the Robert R. Muntz library is excited to display materials from the Tim Anthony Jackson Collection. The exhibit, located on the second floor of the library, features artifacts created for the 1972 Presidential campaign between Richard Nixon and George McGovern 40 years ago.

Buttons, stickers, and other memorabilia highlight McGovern’s controversial decisions surrounding his Vice President running mates, how Nixon’s successful reelection was a historic landslide, and the inevitable end of Nixon’s tenure as President due to the Watergate Scandal.

Exhibit of materials from the Tim Anthony Jackson Collection at UT Tyler, showcasing memorabilia from the 1972 Presidential Election.

The exhibit also illustrates the issues and debates most relevant to the country 40 years ago, issues that affected the faculty and staff who moved to Tyler, Texas to establish what is now the University of Texas at Tyler.

The Tim Anthony Jackson Collection contains over 12,000 political and historical artifacts from over 100 years of U.S. Presidential history, including campaign buttons, posters, banners, bumper stickers, dolls, board games, statues, masks, and campaign literature.

Judge William Steger and Spitfires

One of the more interesting aspects of my job is learning about the lives of the people who lived in Tyler and Smith County.  The University Archives and Special Collections Department has documents donated by people whose life experiences run the gamut of political life, from national to local politics.  One of these people was a federal judge in Tyler, Judge William Merritt Steger.  Judge Steger proved to be a fascinating person he was a United States District Attorney, ran for governor of Texas and United States Congress, and was appointed to the federal judgeship after a successful year as Texas State Republican Party Chairman.

Judge Steger died in 2006, and in his honor the federal courthouse was renamed for him.  When I came to work in the archives in December of 2007, one of my first duties was in assisting in the creation of a permanent exhibit for the renaming ceremony of the William M. Steger Federal Building and United States Courthouse on May 9, 2008.  We were given two attorney rooms, a long hallway outside of the first floor courtroom, and a kiosk built specifically for exhibiting ephemera he collected throughout his life in the lobby.  I worked mostly within the two attorney rooms, creating information panels on his personal life for one and his political life for the other.  Each panel depicted a separate time period or important aspect of his life.  What I found to be the most interesting was his service in the United States Army Air Forces in World War II.  He flew 36 missions in Italy during the war and believed that his airplane, the British Spitfire, was one of the best war planes that the allies had.  In his papers are letters from superior officers, newspaper clippings, photographs, other memorabilia, and pilot’s logs that have an accounting of fellow pilots who were lost in battle.  Below is a copy of the panel on display at the Federal Building and a photograph of one of the British Spitfire models Steger collected:

From the William Merritt Steger Papers at The University of Texas at Tyler University Archives and Special Collections, Box 19.

From the William Merritt Steger Papers at The University of Texas at Tyler University Archives and Special Collections, Box 19

On July 12, the National World War II Museum posted this article on its social networking page:

http://www.upi.com/Odd_News/2010/07/09/Corn-maze-honors-WWII-Spitfire-pilots/UPI-61021278715830/

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1293420/Spitfire-fight-scene-carved-lawnmower-10-acre-field-amazing-tribute-Battle-Britain-bravery.html

I’m posting these links in honor of Judge Steger, even though he was not in the Battle of Britain, which the subject of these articles commemorates.  It is a reminder that exceptional people live in the places which we think of as plain and ordinary.  Let us never forget the people in our community who do extraordinary things.

Further information:

The inventory for the William Merritt Steger Papers at The University of Texas at Tyler can be found here:

http://archon.uttyler.edu/?p=collections/controlcard&id=3

. . . or just click on the photo of the Spitfire above.

Of Spies and Communists and Little Black Boxes

Last month news agencies around the world reported the arrests of ten people accused of being Russian spies.  These reports hearken back to the old tensions between the US and Russia.  If you were born in the mid- to late-1980s into the 1990s, you probably will not remember the hostility that permeated the relations between the United States and what was previously known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).  You may have heard your parents or grandparents talk of the fear of communists wanting to take over and change their way of life, the worry about the infiltration of spies from the USSR to steal information on nuclear weaponry, and the possibility that one day, at any time, the USSR could suddenly “snap” and launch their own nuclear weapons at the United States during the “Cold War.”

So now, looking through the documents kept by Tyler journalist Sarah McClendon, I find it amusing to see some of the “important” news of the time and compare it to what is currently newsworthy information, such as the previously mentioned arrest of Russian spies.  The following is an explanation of an official presidential responsibility and an article found in Sarah McClendon’s papers demonstrating the American understanding of the issues of communist intentions in 1969:

In August 1969, President Richard Nixon met with several officials within the USSR.  Many people will remember that the President of the United States had a “little black box” that would provide him the numbers, or “key,” to allow the Department of Defense to launch nuclear weapons.  If he were to open the box and give them these numbers, they would know that he wanted them to launch missiles to pre-determined sites within the USSR and around the world.  If you were like me, I thought that when the little black box was opened, all that would be in there was a button that the President would push from anywhere in the world that would launch all the nuclear weapons we had.  I was slightly naïve.

For the July 10-12, 1969 edition of the Examiner, Sarah McClendon wrote:

“As President Richard M. Nixon goes behind the Iron Curtain next month, the little black box which contains the ‘key’ to the system for setting off a nuclear holocaust in the world must go with him.

A President of the US is never out of communication with this system.  And if he had to set it off while in Romania or any other country, he would be able to do so, regardless of where, an official source revealed.

It is not known if Romania was aware of this at the time the country jubilantly agreed to be singled out for this visit, which is a break-through in East-West relations.

The fact that this is the first time a president of the US has ever gone behind the Iron Curtain does indeed call for special considerations and special preparations, a White House aide confirmed.  It increases the need for planning and protection.

But while this trip calls for special planning, he said, all traveling by the chief executive, even in this country, is dangerous and calls for special precautions.  And he added that each country the President will visit is just as anxious as the US is to see that the President is safe at all times, because no country wants the blame for any accident or unseemly incident.

With all of this, the nation gets a little nervous.  This time as the President leaves July 22 for the 13-day visit that will take him island hopping in the Pacific, then to Asia and on Aug. 2 to Romania, the average man in the street is more apprehensive than usual.  Even business is sensitive to the strain.

This time because of the itinerary chosen, the situation with the little black box becomes more crucial that [sic] ever.

It will be carried as always by a warrant officer.  If one did not know, he might think that this was the President’s attaché bag, officials say.

The officials said Nixon will have the capability of using the black box at all times, and there is no known way by which he could be prevented from using the signals if he felt it necessary.

He will always be in telephone and radio contact with the White House and other government offices here.  This is why the communications experts who will accompany the President are a sizeable part of the crew.  There will be about 30 such technicians, working in two teams.  One finishes work at one location while the other travels to the next stop on the trip.

The black box consists of a gadget that gives coded figures that are necessary for the President to use in ordering weapons to be armed with nuclear warheads.  There may be millions of combinations of the figures, so it is not believed possible that it could be operated by an enemy agent or thief.

The President is not required to use the signal only in self defense.  He may use it when and as he deems proper.  There is nothing in the official language on presidential powers which says he must use it only as a second-strike, although the nation has told the world that our policy will be to not strike another nation first.

Section 91-B of the Atomic Energy Act says the President may direct the Atomic Energy Commission to provide the Defense Department ‘with such quantities of special nuclear material or atomic weapons for such use as he deems necessary in the interest of national defense.’  This is known as ‘control of the key.’”

Further Reading:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/29/fbi-breaks-up-alleged-russian-spy-ring-deep-cover

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/30/anna-chapman

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/30/russian-spy-ring-cyprus

Anderson, Terry. The Sixties. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2007.

Chafe, William Henry. The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-2006. 10th ed. New York: Wiley, 2008.

Leuchtenburg, William. In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George Bush. 3rd ed, revised and updated. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001.